Evidence & Bibliography

Sources & Evidence

96 cited sources · last updated: September 10, 2026

Every health claim in Protocols — in the iOS app and in this web version — cites its source. Every source below is open-access or free to read: none is paywalled and none is locked behind a subscription. Click any entry to open the original document.
Disclaimer: this content is educational only and is not medical advice. Consult a qualified clinician before changing your health routine.

Tier 1 — Systematic review / RCT / public health agency

The strongest evidence: meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials and official fact sheets from national health agencies.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists2024open source ↗

Exercise During Pregnancy — FAQ

https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy

American Heart Association2024open source ↗

High Blood Pressure — Health Topic

https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure

American Heart Association2024open source ↗

American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults

https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults

Mayo Clinic2024open source ↗

Hypothermia — Symptoms and Causes

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health2023open source ↗

Using Dietary Supplements Wisely

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/using-dietary-supplements-wisely

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)2024open source ↗

Ashwagandha — What You Need To Know

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ashwagandha

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)2024open source ↗

Meditation and Mindfulness — What You Need To Know

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/meditation-and-mindfulness-what-you-need-to-know

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NIH)2024open source ↗

Relaxation Techniques — What You Need To Know

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/relaxation-techniques-what-you-need-to-know

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH)2024open source ↗

Healthy Sleep Habits

https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/sleep-deprivation/healthy-sleep-habits

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH)2024open source ↗

Time-restricted eating — research summary

https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diet-nutrition

National Institute of Mental Health (NIH)2024open source ↗

I'm So Stressed Out! Fact Sheet

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/so-stressed-out-fact-sheet

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIH)2024open source ↗

Alcohol's Effects on Health — Alcohol Facts and Statistics

https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohol-topics/alcohol-facts-and-statistics

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Exercise and Athletic Performance — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Dietary Supplements for Immune Function and Infectious Diseases

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ImmuneFunction-HealthProfessional/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Fact Sheets (all nutrients)

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-all/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Magnesium — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Omega-3 Fatty Acids — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements2024open source ↗

Vitamin D — Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2024open source ↗

About Mental Health

https://www.cdc.gov/mental-health/about/index.html

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2024open source ↗

Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults

https://www.cdc.gov/physical-activity-basics/guidelines/index.html

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2024open source ↗

About Sleep and Your Health — Sleep Hygiene

https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/sleep_hygiene.html

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention2024open source ↗

Water and Healthier Drinks

https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-weight-growth/water-healthy-drinks/index.html

U.S. Food and Drug Administration2024open source ↗

Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine Is Too Much?

https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much

U.S. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion2018open source ↗

Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans

https://health.gov/our-work/nutrition-physical-activity/physical-activity-guidelines

World Health Organization2024open source ↗

Healthy Diet — Fact Sheet

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

World Health Organization2024open source ↗

Mental health at work

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work

World Health Organization2024open source ↗

Physical Activity — Fact Sheet

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity

World Health Organization2023open source ↗

Sodium reduction (World Health Organization fact sheet)

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction

Tier 2 — Peer-reviewed study

Primary literature published in peer-reviewed journals, indexed in PubMed.

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine / U.S. National Library of Medicine2013open source ↗

Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed (Drake et al., J Clin Sleep Med 2013; PMID 24235903)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24235903/

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition / U.S. National Library of Medicine2017open source ↗

International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation (Kreider et al. 2017; PMID 28615996)

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28615996/

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2014open source ↗

Voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system and attenuation of the innate immune response in humans (PNAS, 2014)

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1322174111

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — caffeine timing, adenosine and sleep architecture

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=caffeine+timing+sleep+architecture+adenosine

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — ochratoxin A and mycotoxins in coffee

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=ochratoxin+A+mycotoxins+coffee

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — cold-water immersion and cardiovascular risk

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=cold+water+immersion+cardiovascular+risk

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — deliberate cold exposure, norepinephrine and brown adipose tissue

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=deliberate+cold+exposure+norepinephrine+brown+adipose+tissue

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — creatine monohydrate supplementation: position stands and trials

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=creatine+monohydrate+supplementation+position+stand+strength

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — cyclic sighing and breathwork for mood and autonomic arousal

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=cyclic+sighing+breathwork+mood+autonomic+arousal

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — aerobic exercise, BDNF and cognitive performance

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=aerobic+exercise+BDNF+cognition+meta-analysis

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — dietary fibre intake, gut microbiome and cardiometabolic risk

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=dietary+fiber+intake+gut+microbiome+cardiometabolic+risk

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — self-myofascial release / foam rolling and recovery

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=self-myofascial+release+foam+rolling+recovery

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — glycine supplementation and sleep quality

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=glycine+supplementation+sleep+quality

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — gratitude interventions and wellbeing

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=gratitude+intervention+wellbeing+randomized

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — habit formation, automaticity and behaviour change

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=habit+formation+automaticity+behavior+change

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells & circadian entrainment

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=intrinsically+photosensitive+retinal+ganglion+cells+circadian+entrainment

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — expressive writing and journaling for mental health

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=expressive+writing+journaling+mental+health

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — evening light exposure, melatonin suppression and sleep quality

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=evening+light+exposure+melatonin+suppression+sleep+quality

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — L-theanine, stress reactivity and attention

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=l-theanine+stress+attention+randomized

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — meditation, mindfulness and cortisol/stress markers

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=meditation+mindfulness+cortisol+stress+randomized

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — stretching, mobility and range of motion

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=stretching+mobility+range+of+motion+meta-analysis

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — morning bright light exposure, circadian phase and alertness

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=morning+bright+light+exposure+circadian+phase+shift+alertness

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — nature exposure and stress/cognitive outcomes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=nature+exposure+stress+cognitive+outcomes+meta-analysis

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — NSDR / yoga nidra and non-sleep deep rest

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=yoga+nidra+non-sleep+deep+rest+dopamine+stress

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=omega-3+fatty+acids+cardiovascular+outcomes+meta-analysis

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — post-meal walking and glycaemic control

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=post-meal+walking+glycemic+control

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — photobiomodulation / red light therapy: mechanisms and trials

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=photobiomodulation+red+light+therapy+mitochondrial

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — resistance training, strength and all-cause mortality

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=resistance+training+strength+all-cause+mortality

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — sauna bathing, cardiovascular risk and heat shock proteins

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=sauna+bathing+cardiovascular+risk+heat+shock+proteins

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — slow paced breathing, heart rate variability and stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=slow+paced+breathing+heart+rate+variability+stress

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — cutaneous vitamin D synthesis and UVB exposure

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=cutaneous+vitamin+D+synthesis+UVB+exposure

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — vitamin D status, bone health and supplementation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=vitamin+d+supplementation+bone+health+meta-analysis

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — vitamin K2, arterial calcification and bone metabolism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=vitamin+K2+arterial+calcification+bone+metabolism

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 max) and longevity

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=cardiorespiratory+fitness+VO2max+all-cause+mortality

U.S. National Library of Medicine2024open source ↗

PubMed — moderate-intensity continuous training and mitochondrial adaptation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=moderate+intensity+continuous+training+mitochondrial+biogenesis

Tier 3 — Review / institution / medical society guideline

Syntheses and clinical guidance from academic medical centres and professional societies.

Tier 4 — Method author’s official page or book

The primary description of a named method, written by the person who created it. Never used alone for a medical claim.

Avery2018open source ↗

Atomic Habits — James Clear

https://jamesclear.com/atomic-habits

Blueprint / Bryan Johnson2024open source ↗

Blueprint — Bryan Johnson's public protocol

https://protocol.bryanjohnson.com/

Cal Newport, PhD2024open source ↗

Cal Newport — Deep Work and digital minimalism

https://calnewport.com/

David Goggins2024open source ↗

David Goggins — official site

https://davidgoggins.com/

Dr. Joe Dispenza2024open source ↗

Dr. Joe Dispenza — official site

https://drjoedispenza.com/

FoundMyFitness2024open source ↗

FoundMyFitness — Dr. Rhonda Patrick

https://www.foundmyfitness.com/

Grand Central Publishing2016open source ↗

Deep Work — Cal Newport

https://calnewport.com/books/deep-work/

Huberman Lab / Stanford University School of Medicine2024open source ↗

Huberman Lab — official protocols and episode library

https://hubermanlab.com/

Isha Foundation2024open source ↗

Isha Foundation — Sadhguru's yogic practices

https://isha.sadhguru.org/

James Clear2024open source ↗

James Clear — habit formation resources

https://jamesclear.com/

Jocko Willink / Jocko Podcast2024open source ↗

Jocko Podcast - official site (Jocko Willink)

https://jockopodcast.com/

Matthew Walker, PhD / UC Berkeley2024open source ↗

The Sleep Diplomat — Prof. Matthew Walker

https://www.sleepdiplomat.com/

Naval Ravikant2024open source ↗

Naval Ravikant — official site and podcast archive

https://nav.al/

Peter Attia, MD2024open source ↗

Peter Attia, MD — Early Medical and The Drive

https://peterattiamd.com/

Tim Ferriss2024open source ↗

The Blog of Author Tim Ferriss

https://tim.blog/

Tony Robbins2024open source ↗

Tony Robbins — official site

https://www.tonyrobbins.com/

Wim Hof Method2024open source ↗

Wim Hof Method — official breathing and cold-exposure method

https://www.wimhofmethod.com/

Tier 5 — Popular material

Context and background only. Never used on its own to support a health claim.

The same sources are inside the iOS app: open any action, tip, or blueprint and scroll to the “Sources & Evidence” section. The full bibliography is also available in About → Science & Sources. Citations are never gated behind a subscription.
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